B.A., Harvard College, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, 1971
MD, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 1976
Internship, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 1976
Residency, Strong Memorial Hospital, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 1977-1979
Fellowship in Cardiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States, 1979-1982