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Managing Cardiometabolic Risk
Managing Cardiometabolic Risk in Abdominally Obese Patients
Physical Activity and Exercise
- 1Key Points (1 page)
- 2Exercise and Cardiometabolic Risk (2 pages)
- 3Exercise and Abdominal Obesity (3 pages)
- 4Exercise and Insulin Resistance (5 pages)
- 5Exercise and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia (4 pages)
- 6Exercise and Elevated Blood Pressure (3 pages)
- 7Exercise and Thrombosis (3 pages)
- 8Exercise and Systemic Inflammation (3 pages)
- 9References (1 page)
Exercise and Atherogenic Dyslipidemia
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The atherogenic lipid profile (or lipid triad) consisting of hypertriglyceridemia, low levels of HDL cholesterol, and high levels of small and dense LDL particles in particular (61) has been tied to other cardiometabolic risk factors such as abdominal obesity (62) and insulin resistance (63). Accordingly, this cluster of lipid abnormalities has been shown to predict cardiovascular-related morbidity and mortality (64). Numerous reviews (65-69) and meta-analyses (7, 10, 70) have investigated the role of exercise in improving dyslipidemia, and the results are summarized below.
Reference
7. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, et al. Prospective analysis of the insulin-resistance syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992; 41: 715-22.
10. Grundy SM, Brewer HB, Jr., Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Circulation 2004; 109: 433-8.
61. Grundy SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1998; 81: 18B-25B.
62. Sattar N, Tan CE, Han TS, et al. Associations of indices of adiposity with atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 432-9.
63. Howard BV, Mayer-Davis EJ, Goff D, et al. Relationships between insulin resistance and lipoproteins in nondiabetic African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites: the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Metabolism 1998; 47: 1174-9.
64. Lehto S, Ronnemaa T, Haffner SM, et al. Dyslipidemia and hyperglycemia predict coronary heart disease events in middle-aged patients with NIDDM. Diabetes 1997; 46: 1354-9.
65. Stefanick ML. Physical activity for preventing and treating obesity-related dyslipoproteinemias. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999; 31: S609-18.
66. Durstine JL, Grandjean PW, Davis PG, et al. Blood lipid and lipoprotein adaptations to exercise: a quantitative analysis. Sports Med 2001; 31: 1033-62.
67. Leon AS and Sanchez OA. Response of blood lipids to exercise training alone or combined with dietary intervention. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: S502-15; discussion S28-9.
68. Després JP and Lamarche B. Effects of diet and physical activity on adiposity and body fat distribution: implication for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Nutr Res Rev 1993; 6: 137-59.
69. Després JP and Lamarche B. Low-intensity endurance exercise training, plasma lipoproteins and the risk of coronary heart disease. J Intern Med 1994; 236: 7-22.
70. Halbert JA, Silagy CA, Finucane P, et al. Exercise training and blood lipids in hyperlipidemic and normolipidemic adults: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53: 514-22.
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