Oxidative stress is where the normal balance between the body’s pro-oxidant and anti-oxidant systems is disturbed in favour of oxidation (30). Oxidative stress from the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) promotes endothelial dysfunction, platelet aggregation, and thrombus formation (31) (Figure). Many obesity-related metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and inflammation, all increase ROS production in the endothelium, which promotes oxidative stress (32).

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